About

Robotic 3D Printing × Machine Learning × Architectural Design

I develop responsive fabrication systems that integrate computer vision and machine learning with robotic clay 3D printing—closing the loop from sensing to corrective actuation in real time.

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Location

Delft, NL

Education

MSc Architecture, Urbanism & Building Sciences (Building Technology)

TU Delft, NL · 09/2023 – 06/2025

GPA: 8.71/10 (Cum Laude)

Thesis: Closed-Loop Control of Robotic 3D Clay Printing Using Machine Learning for Overhang Structure (9.5/10)

Bachelor of Architecture and Environments

University of Sydney, AU · 03/2018 – 01/2021

GPA: 75.8/100 (Distinction)

Semester Exchange, BA in Architectural Studies

University of Hong Kong, HK · 02/2020 – 06/2020

Studio: A

Research Projects

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VR–Robotic Arm Integration for Hybrid Learning

Funded project · TU Delft (09/2025 – present)

  • Linking virtual simulations to real-world actuation for interactive teaching.
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Discrete Design for Bird Hide - the Automated Assembly with UR5 view

TU Delft · Design Informatics Project (02/2024 – 04/2024)

  • Optimized toolpath, pickup method, and station design for UR5, synchronizing digital and physical models to enhance human–robot interaction.
  • enabled efficient prototype-scale robotic assembly of discrete components.
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Data-Driven Plan Generation for Residential Buildings

TU Delft · CIID (02/2024 – 04/2024)

  • CNN image-to-image for detailed layouts vs. diffusion for realistic samples; compared accuracy/efficiency.
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Realize Hyperboloid Shell Roof Design in a Low-Cost Condition

UA Design · Professional R&D (01/2022 – 04/2022)

  • Parametric optimization of hyperboloid shell; panel flatness/standardization; materials comparison.
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Design Project in Operation — Dormitory Building for Haimen Linglong Lake Road East Middle and Primary School

UA Design · Built Project (Designed 2021 · Completed 02/2023 · In operation since 09/2024)

  • Location: Haimen, Nantong; construction land area: 61,167 m².
  • Responsible for the whole dormitory design; coordinated with structure, material manufacturers, and façade.

Additional Education

ACM SIGSOFT Summer School for Software Engineering in Robotics

TU Delft, Netherlands · 07/2025

  • Research: Building and Deploying Robotic Systems
  • Autonomous systems for MIRTE Robots with ROS2

IDEA League Summer School — Analysis and Modelling Road-User Behavior

Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden · 08/2024

  • Infrastructure-based intersection warning system design

IDEA League Summer School — Closing the Loop: Design for Disassembly & Circular Economy

RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany · 06/2024

  • Circular and modular redesign for (dis)assembling Miele laundry machine

Architectural DigitalFUTURES 2023 — 13th Workshop: Co-Intelligent Assemblies

Tongji University, Shanghai (hosted by Tsinghua University) · 06/2023

  • Main project: Babel’s Babelism — interior lighting installation using imitation learning (Unity ML-Agents)

Publications

Conference

Closed-Loop Control of 3D Clay Printing Using Machine Learning view

Ding, X., Așut, S., & Andriotis, C.

Digitalisation of the Built Environment: 4th 4TU/14UAS Research Day, pp. 93–99 (2025)

Conference

Enhancing 3D Clay Printing with Computer Vision and Deep Learning view

Așut, S., Ding, X., Guha, S., Ryu, S., & Wei, W.

eCAADe Annual Conference 2025, Ankara

Magazine

Biophilic Design in High-Rise Architecture (Multi-objective Optimization) view

Ding, X.

Rumoer 87: 30th Anniversary Lustrum Special (2025), pp. 50–55

Journal

From Conceptual Design to Detailed Development of Steel Space Frame Roof under Low-Cost Conditions view

Zhao, Z., & Ding, X.

Model World (2022) 23: 91–93

In preparation

Closed-Loop Control of Robotic 3D Clay Printing Using Machine Learning for Overhang Structure

Ding, X., Așut, S., & Andriotis, C.

Target: Automation in Construction (2025)

Experience

Researcher

TU Delft · A+BE · Digital Technologies · 09/2025 – 03/2026

  • Unity-based VR simulation of a robotic arm as tutorial resource.

Architectural Designer

Shanghai UA Design Co., Ltd. · 05/2021 – 05/2022

  • Parametric modeling for high-rise and public projects; facade modulation; bidding visuals.
  • Key projects: Greenland Star Tower 380m, Haimen School Dormitory (in operation since 09/2024).

Awards & Exhibitions

Awards

  • Best Computational Design Award, MEGA (2024), TUD, sponsored by Packhunt
  • Most Integrated Design Award, MEGA (2024), TUD, sponsored by Techniplan

Exhibitions

Skills

3D Modelling

RhinoGrasshopperSketchUp

Programming

Python (ML training & finetuning)

3D Printing

WASP DeltaCOMAU NJ60 + ExtruderBambu X1CPrusa

Robotics

UR5COMAU NJ60RoboDKROBOTS (GH)

Graphics

PhotoshopIllustratorInDesignAutoCAD

Rendering

EnscapeV-RayD5

Sustainability Analysis

DesignBuilderEcotect

Video

Premiere Pro